Instance segmentation of upper aerodigestive tract cancer: site-specific outcomes.

Objective: To achieve instance segmentation of upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) neoplasms using a deep learning (DL) algorithm, and to identify differences in its diagnostic performance in three different sites: larynx/hypopharynx, oral cavity and oropharynx. Methods: A total of 1034 endoscopic images from 323 patients were examined under narrow band imaging (NBI). The Mask R-CNN algorithm was used for the analysis. The dataset split was: 935 training, 48 validation and 51 testing images. Dice Similarity Coefficient (Dsc) was the main outcome measure. Results: Instance segmentation was effective in 76.5% of images. The mean Dsc was 0.90 ± 0.05. The algorithm correctly predicted 77.8%, 86.7% and 55.5% of lesions in the larynx/hypopharynx, oral cavity, and oropharynx, respectively. The mean Dsc was 0.90 ± 0.05 for the larynx/hypopharynx, 0.60 ± 0.26 for the oral cavity, and 0.81 ± 0.30 for the oropharynx. The analysis showed inferior diagnostic results in the oral cavity compared with the larynx/hypopharynx (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The study confirms the feasibility of instance segmentation of UADT using DL algorithms and shows inferior diagnostic results in the oral cavity compared with other anatomic areas.

Regional disease in head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: the role of primary tumor characteristics and number of nodal metastases.

PURPOSE: To identify potential risk factors impacting on overall survival (OS) of patients affected by lymph node metastasis from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) of the head and neck (HN), with special emphasis on primary tumor characteristics and pattern of nodal recurrence (intraparotid and/or cervical). METHODS: A bi-institutional retrospective study on consecutive patients affected by cervical and/or intraparotid NM from HN cSCC and surgically treated with curative intent from May 2010 to January 2020 was conducted. OS was considered the outcome of interest. RESULTS: The study included 89 patients (M:F = 3.4:1; median age, 78 years; range, 22-99). Among the primary tumor characteristics, the most relevant prognostic factors were diameter ≥ 4 cm (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.56, p = 0.010) and depth of infiltration ≥ 6 mm (HR = 3.54, p = 0.027). Cervical NM was associated with worse OS (HR = 2.09, p = 0.016) compared to purely intraparotid NM (5-year OS: 60.9% vs. 28.1%, p = 0.014). At multivariable analysis, age, immunosuppression, pT3-T4 categories and a high burden of nodal disease (> 2 NM) confirmed to be independent risk factors, whereas adjuvant radiotherapy was independently associated with better outcome. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the association of several independent prognosticators related to the patient, primary tumor, and nodal burden status. Patients with cervical NM should be considered at risk for harboring a higher number of metastatic lymph nodes.

Transoral Laser Microsurgery for Glottic Cancer in Patients Over 75 Years Old.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) has a non-negligible incidence in elderly patients. However, there is still no clear indication on the ideal treatment for early-intermediate glottic LSCC in this specific age group. Both surgical and nonsurgical approaches may be burdened by complications and sequelae that negatively impact patient's health. In this setting, carbon dioxide transoral laser microsurgery (CO2 TOLMS) is a promising minimally invasive treatment option. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series in a single tertiary academic institution. METHODS: Patients who underwent CO2 TOLMS for Tis-T3 glottic LSCC from 1997 to 2017 were reviewed. Demographic, clinical, and tumor characteristics, as well as postoperative complications were recorded. Overall (OS), disease-specific (DSS), recurrence-free (RFS), laryngo-esophageal dysfunction free survivals (LEDFS), and organ preservation (OP) were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 134 patients (mean age, 80 ± 4 years; median, 79; range, 75-93) were included in the study. Seven lesions were classified as pTis, 65 as pT1a, 22 as pT1b, 35 as pT2, and 5 as pT3. No treatment-related death was observed. Twenty-eight (20.9%) patients reported 10 surgical and 19 medical complications. Five-year OS, DSS, RFS, LEDFS, and OP were 68.9%, 95.4%, 79.5%, 66%, and 92.5%, respectively. Age and comorbidities were associated with OS and LEDFS. Advanced T categories were negatively correlated with OS, DSS, RFS, LEDFS, and OP. Age and comorbidities were not significant risk factors for complications. CONCLUSIONS: CO2 TOLMS can be considered a valuable therapeutic approach for selected Tis-T3 glottic LSCC even in the elderly given its favorable oncologic outcomes and minimal aggressiveness. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 132:135-141, 2022.

Long-term Oncologic Outcomes of 1188 Tis-T2 Glottic Cancers Treated by Transoral Laser Microsurgery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate long-term disease-specific survival (DSS) and organ preservation (OP) rates in patients affected by Tis-T2 glottic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) treated by carbon dioxide transoral laser microsurgery (CO2 TOLMS). STUDY DESIGN: Single-center retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary academic hospital. METHODS: The study included patients treated by CO2 TOLMS for Tis-T2 glottic SCC at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of the University of Brescia, Italy, from 1988 to 2018. The male:female ratio was 11.2:1, and the mean age was 64 years (range, 31-95). T categories were distributed as follows: 124 (10%) Tis, 646 (54%) T1a, 172 (15%) T1b, and 246 (21%) T2. RESULTS: Ten- and 20-year DSS rates were 97.6% and 96.3%, respectively, and 10- and 20-year OP rates were 94.7% and 93%. During the follow-up, 91% of patients were treated by CO2 TOLMS alone, while the remaining needed adjunctive treatments. Assessing the impact of multiple sessions of CO2 TOLMS, DSS showed no significant difference in terms of patients treated by 1, 2, or >2 procedures. Conversely, patients treated by >2 sessions of CO2 TOLMS showed a significantly worse OP rate. CONCLUSIONS: Our series validates CO2 TOLMS as a long-term treatment strategy for early glottic SCC. Salvage CO2 TOLMS provided optimal results in terms of DSS and OP in patients with recurrence after previous transoral surgery.

COVID-19 and Total Laryngectomy-A Report of Two Cases.

OBJECTIVE: To date, no cases have been reported on the effects of COVID-19 in laryngectomees. CASE PRESENTATION: We herein presented two clinical cases of laryngectomized patients affected by COVID-19, detailing their clinical course and complications. DISCUSSION: In our experience, permanent tracheostomy did not significantly affect the choice of treatment. However, dedicated devices and repeated tracheal toilettes may be needed to deal with oxygen-therapy-related tracheal crusting. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, laryngectomees should be considered a vulnerable population that may be at risk for worse outcomes of COVID-19 due to anatomical changes in their airways. The role of the ENT specialist is to guide airway management and inform the support-staff regarding specific needs of these patients.

Compartmental Surgery for Oral Tongue Cancer: Objective and Subjective Functional Evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: To assess functional outcomes in patients treated by compartmental tongue surgery (CTS) and reconstruction for advanced oral tongue/floor-of-mouth cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of patients (n = 48) treated by CTS and free flap reconstruction was prospectively evaluated concerning postoperative functional outcomes at different time points (6 months and 1 year). Swallowing was studied by videonasal endoscopic evaluation (VEES) and videofluoroscopy (VFS), testing various food consistencies and grading the results with the Donzelli scale. Speech articulation, lingual strength, and endurance were studied by phone call and Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI). Subjective tests (EORTC H&N35 and UWQOL) were administered. RESULTS: After 1 year, VEES showed a Donzelli scale of 67% level 1, 23% level 2, and 10% level 3. Vallecular pouch was present in 81% of patients. VFS showed levels 1, 2, and 3 in 42%, 25%, and 33%, respectively, with liquids (L); 48%, 19%, and 33%, with semi-liquids (SL); and 54%, 33%, and 13%, with semi-solids (SS). Vallecular pouch residue was present in 69% with L, 73% with SL, and 87% with SS. The mean number of words recognized at phone call was 56 of 75 (range, 27-74). IOPI showed a mean tongue strength of 19.2 kPa (range, 0-40), and a mean endurance of 16.2 seconds (range, 0-60). CONCLUSION: CTS does not significantly affect speech. Sub-clinical food aspiration and vallecular pouch are present in a significant proportion of patients, especially when adjuvant treatments are administered. Residual tongue strength is not affected when proper reconstruction is performed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E176-E183, 2021.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Narrow Band Imaging in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus: A Prospective Study.

OBJECTIVE: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous immune-mediated disease affecting 1% to 4% of the worldwide population. Development of malignant lesions is reported but only affects a minority of patients. The aim of our study was to assess the diagnostic potential of narrow band imaging (NBI) in OLP patients; focusing on the identification of high-grade dysplasia/carcinoma in newly developed lesions. METHODS: Prospective evaluation of 56 patients with histopathologic diagnosis of OLP and presenting newly developed lesions not responding to medical treatment. All lesions were assessed by high-definition (HD) white light (WL) and HD-NBI endoscopy. All patients underwent biopsy regardless of the appearance at HD-WL and HD-NBI. Histology was defined as "positive" in case of high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma. RESULTS: Five lesions (9%) were diagnosed as high-grade dysplasia/carcinoma. In this setting, overall diagnostic potential of HD-NBI was optimal, with a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 48-100), specificity of 96% (95% CI, 86-99), negative predictive value of 100% (95% CI, not calculable), positive predictive value of 71% (95% CI, 39-91), and accuracy of 96% (95% CI, 88-100). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the diffuse inflammatory pattern derived from OLP, NBI improved the diagnostic accuracy and the capability to detect high-grade dysplasia/carcinoma. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E1156-E1161, 2021.

SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Health Care Workers: Cross-sectional Analysis of an Otolaryngology Unit.

The restart of routine in- and outpatient activity in the COVID-19 postepidemic peak needs to be carefully planned in light of specific patterns of viral diffusion. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2 serology in the entire personnel of a COVID-19-free otolaryngology department in a highly affected area. The aim was to determine the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 positivity among staff to clarify the impact of different risk factors for infection. The entire staff of the otolaryngology unit was tested for SARS-CoV-2 serology. Symptomatic staff members were tested with nasal/pharyngeal swabs. All answered a survey focused on the number of in- and extrahospital positive contacts and type of activities in the unit. Five (9%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The only variable associated with a higher risk of infection was the number of extrahospital contacts without personal protective equipment (P = .008). Our study shows that in non-COVID-19 departments, the use of adequate personal protective equipment leads to low rates of infection among health care workers. The prevalent risk of infection was related to extrahospital contact.